{"occurrences":[{"area":"ML.251","occurrenceCount":209,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.252","occurrenceCount":465,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.253","occurrenceCount":4187,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.254","occurrenceCount":77,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.255","occurrenceCount":457,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.256","occurrenceCount":395,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.257","occurrenceCount":97,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.258","occurrenceCount":32,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.259","occurrenceCount":321,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.260","occurrenceCount":113,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.261","occurrenceCount":97,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.262","occurrenceCount":95,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.263","occurrenceCount":1009,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.264","occurrenceCount":110,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.265","occurrenceCount":354,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.266","occurrenceCount":280,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.267","occurrenceCount":204,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.268","occurrenceCount":105,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.269","occurrenceCount":152,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.270","occurrenceCount":217,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"},{"area":"ML.271","occurrenceCount":479,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"}],"parent":{"phylum":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Chordates","scientificName":"Chordata","taxonRank":"MX.phylum","id":"MX.37606","hasBold":false},"genus":{"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"mustalinnut","scientificName":"Melanitta","scientificNameAuthorship":"Boie, 1822","taxonRank":"MX.genus","id":"MX.26428","hasBold":false},"species":{"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"Common Scoter","scientificName":"Melanitta nigra","scientificNameAuthorship":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","taxonRank":"MX.species","id":"MX.26429","bold":{"binCount":1,"bins":["BOLD:AAC4412"],"publicRecords":2,"specimens":15,"barcodes":11},"hasBold":true},"subfamily":{"cursiveName":false,"scientificName":"Anatinae","taxonRank":"MX.subfamily","id":"MX.206962","hasBold":false},"tribe":{"cursiveName":false,"scientificName":"Mergini","taxonRank":"MX.tribe","id":"MX.206968","hasBold":false},"domain":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"aitotumaiset","scientificName":"Eucarya","scientificNameAuthorship":"Whittaker & Margulis, 1978","taxonRank":"MX.domain","id":"MX.53761","hasBold":false},"subphylum":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Vertebrates","scientificName":"Vertebrata","taxonRank":"MX.subphylum","id":"MX.37608","hasBold":false},"subclass":{"cursiveName":false,"scientificName":"Neornithes","taxonRank":"MX.subclass","id":"MX.292398","hasBold":false},"family":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Ducks, Geese, Swans","scientificName":"Anatidae","taxonRank":"MX.family","id":"MX.26264","hasBold":false},"kingdom":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Animals","scientificName":"Animalia","scientificNameAuthorship":"Linnaeus, 1758","taxonRank":"MX.kingdom","id":"MX.37602","hasBold":false},"class":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Birds","scientificName":"Aves","taxonRank":"MX.class","id":"MX.37580","hasBold":false},"order":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"Waterfowl","scientificName":"Anseriformes","taxonRank":"MX.order","id":"MX.26257","hasBold":false}},"hasLatestRedListEvaluation":true,"scientificName":"Melanitta nigra","latestRedListStatusFinland":{"year":2019,"status":"MX.iucnLC"},"hasChildren":true,"redListStatusesInFinland":[{"year":2019,"status":"MX.iucnLC"},{"year":2015,"status":"MX.iucnLC"},{"year":2010,"status":"MX.iucnLC"},{"year":2000,"status":"MX.iucnNT"}],"descriptions":[{"speciesCardAuthors":{"variable":"MX.speciesCardAuthors","title":"Description text authors","content":"
Aki Aintila
"},"groups":[{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.originAndDistributionText","title":"Origin and general distribution","content":"Mustalintu on pohjoisen Euraasian pesimälaji, jonka levinneisyys ulottuu Fennoskandian pohjoisosista Siperian keskiosiin. Mustalintu pesii havumetsävyöhykkeen sekä puuttoman tundran järvillä ja lampareilla. Suomessa mustalintu pesii lähinnä Oulun seudun pohjoispuolella (BirdLife International 2021, Valkama ym. 2011). Läpimuuttajana sitä tavataan koko maassa, erityisen runsaana Suomenlahdella toukokuussa niin sanotun kevätarktikan aikaan (Hario ym. 2018). Mustalintu on Suomen merialueilla myös säännöllinen talvehtija, talven ankaruudesta riippuen talvikanta on noin 500 – 1 000 yksilöä (Lehikoinen ym. 2017).
\r\n\r\nEsiintyminen Haliaksella
\r\nMustalintu on Haliaksella säännöllinen läpimuuttaja ja harvalukuinen talvehtija. Kevätmuutto alkaa maalis-huhtikuun vaihteessa ja huipentuu toukokuun alkupuoliskon päämuuttoon. Hankoniemi jää mustalintujen kevätmuuton pääreiteiltä hieman syrjään eikä itäisen Suomenlahden muuttajamääriin ylletä, mutta parhaina päivinä voi Hankoniemen kärjestä seurata useiden tuhansien yksilöiden päivämuuttoja. Mustalintujen syysmuuttoa havaitaan Haliaksella elokuulta lokakuulle, parhaimpien muuttopäivien osuessa syyskuun loppuun ja lokakuun alkuun.
\r\n\r\nPitkäaikaismuutokset
\r\nMustalintujen havaintomäärät ovat moninkymmenkertaistuneet seurantajakson aikana. Runsastuminen on ollut huomattavinta kevätkaudella, mutta 2020-luvulla laji on runsastunut myös syyskaudella. Mustalintujen määrät ovat runsastuneet tasaisesti Suomenlahdella, sekä Suomessa kevätmuuttokauden (Hario ym. 2018) sekä Virossa syysmuuttokauden aikana (Ellermaa & Linden 2020). Toisaalta yksilömäärät perinteisillä talvehtimisalueilla ovat vähentyneet, eikä maailmankannan runsastumisesta (tai taantumisesta) ole yksiselitteistä näyttöä (BirdLife International 2021).
\r\nMustalinnun kevätmuutto on aikaistunut Haliaksella seurantajakson aikana keskimäärin kymmenellä vuorokaudella. Ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksesta keskimääräisellä eurooppalaisella muuttolinnulla kevätmuutto on aikaistunut keskimäärin viikolla. Muuton ajoittumisen muutokset johtavat lajien alueellisen ja esiintymisen muuttumiseen, kevätmuuton ajoittumisen muutoksilla voi olla merkitystä esimerkiksi pariutumiseen, pesinnän ajoittumiseen ja poikastuottoon (Lehikoinen ym. 2019).
"}],"title":"Distribution","group":"MX.SDVG2"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.descriptionReferences","title":"References","content":"BirdLife International (2021) Species factsheet: Melanitta nigra.
Ellermaa, M. & Lindén, A. 2020: Autumn migration in cape Põõsaspea in 2019. - Hirundo 2020 33(1):1-29.
\r\nHario, M., Nordenswan, G., Pynnönen, J. & Tolvanen, P. 2018: Kevätarktika Suomenlahdella 1970-2009. - Linnut-vuosikirja 2018:146-157.
\r\nLehikoinen, A., Lindén, A., Karlsson, M., Andersson, A. Crewe, T. L., Dunn, E. H., Gregory, G., Karlsson, L., Kristiansen, V., Mackenzie, S., Newman, S., Røer, J. E., Sharpe, C., Sokolov, L. V., Steinholtz, Å., Stervander, M., Priestley, L. T., Tirri, I.-S., Tjørnløv, R. S. 2019: Phenology of the avian spring migratory passage in Europe and North America: asymmetric advancement in time and increase in duration. — Ecological Indicators 101: 985–991.
\r\nLehikoinen, A., Kuntze, K., Lehtiniemi, T., Mikkola-Roos, M. & Toivanen, T. 2017: Suomen keskitalven vesilintukantojen kannanarviot vuonna 2016 – muuttuva Suomi osana kansainvälistä seurantaa. - Linnut-vuosikirja 2016:6-15.
\r\nValkama, J., Vepsäläinen, V. & Lehikoinen, A. 2011: Suomen III Lintuatlas. – Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo ja ympäristöministeriö. http://atlas3.lintuatlas.fi ISBN 978-952-10-6918-5.
"}],"title":"Additional information","group":"MX.SDVG10"}],"id":"default","title":"FinBIF species descriptions"}],"taxonConceptIds":["taxonid:C63DCE"],"originalPublications":["MP.2441","MP.1082"],"anyHabitatSearchStrings":["MKV.habitatV","MKV.habitatVi","MKV.habitatVs","MKV.habitatVsk"],"informalTaxonGroups":["MVL.1","MVL.1241"],"qname":"MX.26429","euringCode":"MELNIG","id":"MX.26429","alternativeVernacularName":{"fi":["meriteeri"]},"scientificNameDisplayName":"Melanitta nigra","occurrenceCountInvasiveFinland":0,"habitatOccurrenceCounts":[{"habitat":{"fi":"mökkipiha.","sv":"mökkipiha.","en":"mökkipiha."},"occurrenceCount":12,"id":"mökkipiha."},{"habitat":{"fi":"vuoksen ranta.","sv":"vuoksen ranta.","en":"vuoksen ranta."},"occurrenceCount":6,"id":"vuoksenranta."},{"habitat":{"fi":"järvi","sv":"järvi","en":"järvi"},"occurrenceCount":3,"id":"järvi"},{"habitat":{"sv":"Strand","fi":"Rannat","en":"Shore"},"occurrenceCount":2,"id":"http://tun.fi/my.habitatenumvalue27"},{"habitat":{"fi":"tunturikangas, koivumetsä, palsasuo, järvi","sv":"tunturikangas, koivumetsä, palsasuo, järvi","en":"tunturikangas, koivumetsä, palsasuo, järvi"},"occurrenceCount":2,"id":"tunturikangas,koivumetsä,palsasuo,järvi"},{"habitat":{"fi":"Räme","sv":"Mosse","en":"Pine mire and bog"},"occurrenceCount":1,"id":"http://tun.fi/my.habitatenumvalue20"},{"habitat":{"fi":"Kuivahko kangas","sv":"Tämligen torr mo","en":"Sub-xeric heath forest"},"occurrenceCount":1,"id":"http://tun.fi/my.habitatenumvalue5"}],"sensitive":false,"birdlifeCode":"MELNIG","bold":{"binCount":1,"bins":["BOLD:AAC4412"],"publicRecords":2,"specimens":15,"barcodes":11},"autoNonWild":false,"redListEvaluationGroups":["MVL.729"],"taxonExpert":["MA.30"],"parentsIncludeSelf":["MX.37600","MX.53761","MX.37602","MX.37606","MX.37608","MX.37580","MX.292398","MX.239936","MX.239937","MX.26257","MX.26264","MX.206962","MX.206968","MX.26428","MX.26429"],"observationCountInvasiveFinland":0,"taxonomicOrder":47709,"hasBold":true,"parents":["MX.37600","MX.53761","MX.37602","MX.37606","MX.37608","MX.37580","MX.292398","MX.239936","MX.239937","MX.26257","MX.26264","MX.206962","MX.206968","MX.26428"],"countOfSpecies":1,"stableInFinland":true,"scientificNameAuthorship":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","taxonRank":"MX.species","occurrenceInFinlandPublications":["MP.1041"],"euringNumber":2130,"secondaryHabitats":[{"habitat":"MKV.habitatVi","id":"MKV.404717","order":0}],"hiddenTaxon":false,"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"Common Scoter","hasMultimedia":true,"invasiveSpecies":false,"countOfFinnishSpecies":1,"nameAccordingTo":"MR.1","taxonEditor":["MA.30","MA.21","MA.15959"],"occurrenceCountFinland":9470,"typeOfOccurrenceInFinland":["MX.typeOfOccurrenceStablePopulation","MX.typeOfOccurrenceBirdLifeCategoryA","MX.typeOfOccurrenceRegularBreeder"],"taxonSets":["MX.taxonSetWaterbirdWaterbirds"],"nonHiddenParentsIncludeSelf":["MX.37600","MX.53761","MX.37602","MX.37606","MX.37608","MX.37580","MX.292398","MX.239936","MX.239937","MX.26257","MX.26264","MX.206962","MX.206968","MX.26428","MX.26429"],"observationCountFinland":9470,"administrativeStatuses":["MX.birdsDirectiveStatusAppendix2B","MX.birdsDirectiveStatusAppendix3B","MX.birdsDirectiveStatusMigratoryBirds","MX.regionallyThreatened2020_3b","MX.regionallyThreatened2020_3c"],"occurrenceCount":10177,"primaryHabitatSearchStrings":["MKV.habitatV","MKV.habitatVs","MKV.habitatVsk"],"finnishSpecies":true,"finnish":true,"multimedia":[{"copyrightOwner":"Ómar Runólfsson","keywords":["primary"],"author":"Ómar Runólfsson","fullURL":"https://image.laji.fi/MM.304416/Melanitta_nigra.jpg","caption":"Ómar Runólfsson, Black Scoter - Melanitta nigra - Hrafnsönd. Creative Commons BY-NC-SA-2.0","largeURL":"https://image.laji.fi/MM.304416/Melanitta_nigra.jpg","source":"default","squareThumbnailURL":"https://image.laji.fi/MM.304416/Melanitta_nigra_square.jpg","primaryForTaxon":true,"licenseAbbreviation":"CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0","licenseFullname":"Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share-Alike 2.0","sortOrder":1,"taxon":{"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"Common Scoter","scientificName":"Melanitta nigra","scientificNameAuthorship":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","taxonRank":"MX.species","id":"MX.26429","bold":{"binCount":1,"bins":["BOLD:AAC4412"],"publicRecords":2,"specimens":15,"barcodes":11},"hasBold":true},"licenseId":"MZ.intellectualRightsCC-BY-NC-SA-2.0","thumbnailURL":"https://image.laji.fi/MM.304416/Melanitta_nigra_thumb.jpg"}],"primaryHabitat":{"habitat":"MKV.habitatVsk","id":"MKV.404716","order":0},"species":true,"observationCount":10177,"occurrenceInFinland":"MX.occurrenceInFinlandPublished","hasParent":true,"hasDescriptions":true,"intellectualRights":"MZ.intellectualRightsCC-BY-4.0"}