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Aki Aintila
"},"groups":[{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.originAndDistributionText","title":"Origin and general distribution","content":"Lapintiira on Euraasian ja Pohjois-Amerikan pohjoisten osien pesimälaji. Eteläisimmät populaatiot tunnetaan Yhdysvaltojen länsiosista ja Irlannista, pääosa levinneisyydestä kattaa pohjoiset arktiset alueet. Suomessa lapintiiran levinneisyys on kaksijakoinen, lajia tavataan runsaana kaikkialla saaristossa, ja sisämaan yhtenäisin levinneisyysalue on pohjoisimmassa Lapissa. Laji pesii myös Koillismaan, Kainuun ja Pohjanmaan laajoilla vesialueilla sekä Saimaalla. Vuonna 2011 Suomen pesimäkannaksi arvioitiin 60 000 – 90 000 paria (BirdLife International 2018, Valkama ym. 2011). Lapintiirat ovat todellisia maailmanmatkaajia, jotka talvehtivat pääsääntöisesti Etelämannerta ympäröivillä valtamerillä. Valopaikantimien avulla toteutettujen tutkimusten mukaan yksi lapintiira voi lentää vuodessa muuttomatkoillaan jopa 96 000 kilometriä, joka vastaa reilua kahta kierrosta maapallon ympäri. Pitkäikäisenä lajina yksi lapintiira voi kulkea elämänsä aikana matkan, joka vastaa nelinkertaista matkaa kuuhun ja takaisin (The Guardian 2018).
\r\n\r\nEsiintyminen Haliaksella
\r\nLapintiiraa tavataan Haliaksella lähinnä huhtikuun lopun ja heinäkuun lopun välisellä ajanjaksolla. Ensimmäiset kevätmuuttajat voivat saapua jo huhtikuun puolivälin jälkeen, ja kevätmuuton huippu havaitaan usein toukokuun alussa, kattaen usein yli 50 yksilön päiväsummia. Huhti–toukokuun vaihteessa myös paikallisten lintujen määrät kasvavat nopeasti, ja laji on yleinen aina heinäkuun lopulle asti. Suurimmat kerääntymät havaitaan kesäkuussa, jotka yltävät usein yli kahdensadan yksilön. Elokuussa lapintiira on jo hyvin harvalukuinen. Lapintiira saapuu kalatiiraa aikaisemmin, ja vastaavasti poistuu syysmuutolle aikaisemmin. Syysmuutto on kevätmuuttoa vaatimattomampaa, lapintiirat poistuvat hiljalleen pesimäpaikoilta ulkomeren puolelle.
"}],"title":"Distribution","group":"MX.SDVG2"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.lifeCycle","title":"Life cycle","content":"Pitkäaikaismuutokset
\r\nLapintiira on runsastuva laji, Haliaksen havaintomäärät ovat yli viisinkertaistuneet pitkällä aikavälillä. Runsastuminen on ollut huomattavaa erityisesti 2000-luvun alussa, mutta pienoista kasvua on havaittavissa myös viime vuosina. Haliaksella havaittu runsauden muutos tukee mm. saaristolintulaskentojen tuloksia, jotka osoittavat lapintiiran runsastuneen keskimäärin 1,2 % vuosivauhdilla seurannan aikana (Hario & Rintala 2014), joskin lapintiiran kannankehityksessä on paljon vuosien välistä ja alueellista vaihtelua (Hario & Rintala 2011). Lisäksi sisämaassa eteläisen Lapin esiintymisalue on harventunut. Läntisen Euraasian pesimäkannat ovat ilmeisesti vakaita (Wetlands International 2018), mutta maailmankanta kokonaisuudessaan vaikuttaisi olevan taantumassa (BirdLife International 2018).
\r\nLapintiiran suomalaiset pesimäkannat ovat todennäköisesti taantuneet 1900-luvun alussa samalla tavalla kuin kalatiirankin (Väisänen ym. 1998). Siten nykyinen kannankehitys voi selittyä sillä, että lapintiirat ovat edelleen toipumassa taannoisesta romahduksesta. Lisäksi lapintiira on selkeästi hyötynyt haitallisen vieraslajin, minkin, poistamisesta erityisesti ulkosaariston alueilta (Nordström & Korpimäki 2004, Nordström ym. 2003), kun pesivien lapintiirojen määrät ovat minkin poistamisen jälkeen kääntyneet nousuun. Tällä voi olla vaikutusta myös Haliaksen kautta muuttavien lapintiirojen määriin.
"}],"title":"Life cycle and behaviour","group":"MX.SDVG4"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.descriptionReferences","title":"References","content":"BirdLife International (2018) Species factsheet: Sterna paradisaea.
Hario, M. & Rintala, J. 2011: Saaristolintukantojen kehitys Suomessa 1986-2010. — Linnut-vuosikirja 2011:40–51.
\r\nHario, M. & Rintala, J. 2014: Saaristolinnuston kehitys Suomen rannikoilla 1986-2013. — Linnut-vuosikirja 2013:47-53.
\r\nNordström, M., Högmander, J., Laine, J., Nummelin, J., Laanetu, N. & Korpimäki, E. 2003: Effects of feral mink removal on seabirds, waders and passerines on small islands in the Baltic Sea. — Biological Conversation 109(3):359–368.
\r\nNordsröm, M. & Korpimäki, E. 2004: Effects of island isolation and feral mink removal on bird communities on small islands in the Baltic Sea. — Journal of Animal Ecology 73(3):424–433.
\r\nThe Guardian 2018: Arctic tern makes the longest ever mi gration – equal to flying twice around the planet.
Valkama, J., Vepsäläinen, V. & Lehikoinen, A. 2011: Suomen III Lintuatlas. – Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo ja ympäristöministeriö.
Vähätalo, A. V., Rainio, K., Lehikoinen A. & Lehikoinen E. 2004: Spring arrival of birds depends on the North Atlantic Oscillation. — Journal of Avian Biology 35: 210–216.
\r\nVäisänen, R.A., Lammi, E. & Koskimies, P. 1998: Muuttuva pesimälinnusto. — Otava, Helsinki. 567 s
\r\nWetlands International (2018). \"Waterbird Population Estimates\". Viitattu 29.11.2018
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