{"occurrences":[{"area":"ML.253","occurrenceCount":4,"status":"MX.typeOfOccurrenceOccursBasedOnOccurrences"}],"parent":{"phylum":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"putkilokasvit","scientificName":"Tracheophyta","scientificNameAuthorship":"Sinnott ex Cavalier-Smith","taxonRank":"MX.phylum","id":"MX.53078","hasBold":false},"genus":{"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"kaakaopuut","scientificName":"Theobroma","scientificNameAuthorship":"L.","taxonRank":"MX.genus","id":"MX.5009182","hasBold":false},"species":{"cursiveName":true,"vernacularName":"kaakaopuu","scientificName":"Theobroma cacao","scientificNameAuthorship":"L.","taxonRank":"MX.species","id":"MX.5009894","bold":{"binCount":0,"publicRecords":18,"specimens":43,"barcodes":3},"hasBold":true},"domain":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"aitotumaiset","scientificName":"Eucarya","scientificNameAuthorship":"Whittaker & Margulis, 1978","taxonRank":"MX.domain","id":"MX.53761","hasBold":false},"subphylum":{"cursiveName":false,"scientificName":"Spermatophytina","taxonRank":"MX.subphylum","id":"MX.4986645","hasBold":false},"family":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"malvakasvit","scientificName":"Malvaceae","scientificNameAuthorship":"Juss.","taxonRank":"MX.family","id":"MX.38687","hasBold":false},"kingdom":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"kasvit","scientificName":"Plantae","scientificNameAuthorship":"Haeckel","taxonRank":"MX.kingdom","id":"MX.37601","hasBold":false},"class":{"cursiveName":false,"vernacularName":"koppisiemeniset","scientificName":"Magnoliopsida","scientificNameAuthorship":"Brongn.","taxonRank":"MX.class","id":"MX.4976189","hasBold":false},"order":{"cursiveName":false,"scientificName":"Malvales","scientificNameAuthorship":"Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl","taxonRank":"MX.order","id":"MX.70063","hasBold":false}},"hasLatestRedListEvaluation":false,"scientificName":"Theobroma cacao","hasChildren":false,"descriptions":[{"groups":[{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.descriptionText","title":"Yleiskuvaus","content":"
Leaves are alternate, large, leathery, reddish or white when young, later turning green. Petioles are pubescent, with pulvini (thickened ends). Blades are entire, 12-60 x 4-20 cm, elliptic to obovate-oblong, drooping, glabrous. Stipules are very acute, 5-14 mm long, deciduous. Flowers are borne in clusters on trunk and older branches (cauliflory). Pedicels are 1-2 cm long, hairy, greenish, whitish or reddish. Sepals are 5, pink or whitish, up to 10 x 2.5 mm, triangular, rather fleshy, united at base. Petals are 5, smaller than sepals, base obovate and cup-shaped with 2 prominent purple guide lines, end part spatulate, yellow, bending outwards and backwards and attached to the base part by narrow connective. 5 outer staminodes around the style are erect, pointed, dark purple. 5 inner fertile stamens have filaments bent outwards so that anthers are concealed in pouch of corresponding petal. Ovary is superior. Fruit is indehiscent, up to 32 x 10 cm, spherical to cylindrical, pointed or blunt, with or without 5-10 furrows, ripening to green, yellow, red or purple. Seeds are 20-60 per pod, 2-4 x 1-2cm, ovoid or elliptic, arranged in 5 rows and embedded in white mucilage.
"}],"title":"Yleistä","group":"MX.SDVG1"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.originAndDistributionText","title":"Alkuperä ja yleislevinneisyys","content":"Cacao originates in the equatorial slopes of the Andes (the upperAmazon) in Peru and Equador, South America. It is cultivated pantropically, between 20°N and S, especially in West Africa.
"}],"title":"Levinneisyys","group":"MX.SDVG2"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.growthFormAndGrowthHabit","title":"Kasvumuoto","content":"A small evergreen tree, usually 6-8 m tall.
"}],"title":"Rakenne","group":"MX.SDVG8"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.habitat","title":"Elinympäristö","content":"In the wild, T.cacao is an understorey tree in tropical rainforest. It is cultivated mainly at low elevations. Optimal temperature is 21-32°C and optimal annual rainfall 1200-3000 mm well distributed over the year. Although cacao grows in shady conditions in the wild, in cultivation it yields the best crop in open sun or light shade. It thrives in deep well-drained moist soils with rich humus content, moderate fertility and pH 5-6.5.
"}],"title":"Ekologia","group":"MX.SDVG5"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.cultivationText","title":"Viljely","content":"Propagation is by seed or vegetatively by cuttings, budding or crafting. Seedlings and young trees should be shaded, and this is often done by interplanting with food crops or fodder legumes. Permanent shade may be provided by keeping some of the original forest trees or by planting special shade trees. Weeding is essential within the 1st 3-4 years before the canopy closes. Windbreaks are usually provided by leaving strips of forest or by planting useful trees between fields. Light pruning is recommended to remove low-hanging, broken and dead branches, as well as for the regeneration of fallen or damaged trees. Cacao grown without shade responds well to manuring, whereas plantations under shade are seldom fertilized. Fruit production starts in the second year and maximum yields are usually obtained by 8-10 years, some producing for over 100 years.
"},{"variable":"MX.economicUseText","title":"Käyttö","content":"Cacao seeds are the source of cocoa beverage, chocolate, and cocoa butter. Fermented seeds are roasted, cracked and ground into a powdery mass from which fat is expressed. This is the cocoa from which the beverage is prepared. The cocoa powder is also used in cakes, biscuits, chocolate, and other confectioneries. In the preparation of chocolate, the powdery mass is mixed with sugar, flavoring and extra cocoa fat. Milk chocolate incorporates milk as well. Cocoa and chocolate products are stimulants due to their caffeine and theobromine content. Cocoa butter is used in confections and in manufacture of tobacco, soap, and cosmetics. The pulp that surrounds the seeds is used in some countries to prepare refreshing juice, smoothies, eaten as a snack or fermented into an alcoholic beverage. The cocoa fruit husks can be burned to produce potash, which is used as a fertilizer. Theash from the husks is also a useful alkaline in the saponification process.
"},{"variable":"MX.productionText","title":"Tuotanto","content":"The total production of cocoa beans was 5 million tons in 2012. The top producers were Ivory Coast, Indonesia and Ghana.
"}],"title":"Käyttö","group":"MX.SDVG9"},{"variables":[{"variable":"MX.miscText","title":"Lisätiedot","content":"Keywords:
Beverage, stimulant, fruit, fat, Malvaceae.
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